Art Analyisis Of JOAN OF ARC By Jules Bastien Lepage Essay Example For Students

Workmanship Analyisis Of JOAN OF ARC By Jules Bastien Lepage Essay ?Joan of Arc,? was painted by the French pragmatist craftsman Jules Bastien-Lepage in 1879. ?After the area of Lorraine was lost to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1821, The Frenchmen saw in Joan of Arc another and ground-breaking image. In 1875, Bastien-Lepage, a local of Lorraine started to make reads for an image of her. In the current composition, displayed in the Salon of 1880, Joan is indicated getting her disclosure in her folks garden. Behind her are Saints Michael, Margaret, and Catherine. (Subtitle close to painting in The Metropolitan)? Jules Bastien-Lepage makes a sensible climate, including an otherworldly, strict like nearness inside his artwork. Oil on canvas was utilized to make the reasonable nature of the work. By intently analyzing the specialists procedure, plainly he utilizes fragile brush strokes in a consistent with life way. The hues, and utilization of light appear to be painted in a layered manner to give the scene a feeling of profundity. The f oundation of the work of art is a nursery which incorporate foliage and brush that encompasses the essential focal point of the canvas, Joan of Arc. The craftsman put an extraordinary exertion into the subtleties of the scene. Bastien-Lepage utilizes a particular practical quality in his composition which is noticeable in every individual leaf and branch. Different tints of earth tones, green and earthy colored being the most apparent, are mixed together in the nursery scene. In the forefront of the work of art is Joan of Arc. She is painted with an apparently thicker paint method. This makes her an all the more effectively noticeable angle in the artistic creation, and grabs the spectators attention. Joan is wearing a long earthy colored skirt and blue-dim shirt with white underneath which is the run of the mill attire style of the nineteenth century. The garments is painted to show its mileage. Her highlights and her figure are very sensible. She appears to have a quiet, however d isturbed demeanor all over, like she is somewhere down in thought. In general she is painted in an extremely point by point way. A less obvious, yet still present and significant part of the composition are the three figures situated behind Joan, and before the house. The figures are to some degree straightforward, and spooky. Their essence includes a profound or potentially strict inclination to the scene. These three considers nearness mixes along with the view. Al three have radiances over their heads, and quiet looks on their appearances. The holy person on the privilege is wearing what appears to be protective layer. He looks valiant, and as though he is standing gatekeeper or going into fight. The center holy person is an asking blessed messenger. She is in a dress with a gauzy, white nearness around her. This whiteness gives her an ethereal quality which Bastien-Lepage has painted viably, and adds to the profound sentiment of the scene. Her essence in the canvas appears to speak to purity and temperance. The last figure resembles a little youngster or kid, who is stooping with her face covered up in her grasp as though she is disturbed. Maybe Bastien-Lepage painted these three holy people not exclusively to outline Joan getting her dreams, however to delineate the dauntlessness, strict yet untainted figure that she was.Behind Joan of Arc, out of sight of the image is a house. Bastien-Lepage painted the house with the goal that the brick work is noticeable. The house is by all accounts little in size, plain, and int eresting. Encompassing the house is growth, trees, and a greater amount of the nursery which is seen all through the work of art. This work of art of Joan of Arc is huge. Bastien-Lepage can successfully portray Joan as the genuine champion that she seemed to be. This is noteworthy

Spirits of the Past free essay sample

I was once told by my folks that there were no such things as apparitions. It didn’t take me long to see in any case. At the point when I was eight years of age, I visited the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) just because while on a field trip with my grade school. Since my ability to read a compass failed to impress anyone, I got lost around five minutes into the visit. Totally confounded, I meandered into a fascinating looking display, which I later learned housed a noteworthy assortment of Greco-Roman sculptures. Around then, be that as it may, they just seemed as though immense individuals stock still. In any case, what was freezing them? While rational individuals would call attention to the undeniable actuality that those sculptures were made of rocks and in this way couldn't go about as should be expected individuals could, my eight-year-old brain (which, trust me, was never exceptionally practical in the first place) quickly started seeing these curios as alive. We will compose a custom paper test on Spirits of the Past or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What resulted was a daytime variant of â€Å"Night At The Museum.† A free leader of a man in a Greek protective cap started grinning at me, the individuals engraved on a refined looking box began hitting the dance floor with their blades, and a sparkly, white-chiseled man shook his platform and utilized his muscles. Now, unconscious that I was fantasizing, I fled amazingly scared and with wet eyes and wet jeans. After I was sent home for defiance since I â€Å"chose† to relinquish my school bunch in a workmanship exhibition hall, I understood something significant about my dreams. In spite of all the odd things I had seen the sculptures do, none of them at any point addressed me! From that point on, I got fixated on the inquiry, If these antiquated models could talk, what stories would they tell? What might the figures on the previously mentioned box (which, I later discovered, is a Greek stone casket going back to 100 BCE) have seen and experienced during the 2000 or more years they have been in presence? At the point when I asked my folks this, they advised me to return to doing my math schoolwork with the goal that I would one be able to day become a mechanical architect simply like my dad. Ugh! Notwithstanding my parents’ lack of concern, I was resolved to find out about these well established relics. I asked my mother to return me to the DIA so I could take notes on all the relics in the show. I additionally visited my neighborhood library to peruse up and assemble more information on the substance of the historical center. Indeed, subsequent to picking up information †like the way that the bust of the head with the cap that was from old Corinth, and that the acclaimed Hellenistic Greek stone carver Alexandros of Antioch may have helped structure the engraved stone coffin †I introduced my discoveries for sharing time in my third grade class, directed by a similar instructor who had tossed me out of the gallery fourteen days prior! The introduction went flawlessly and when my instructor asked what enlivened me to accomplish such a great deal extracurricular work, I really pronounced that it was all since she sent me home for â€Å"not following directionsà ¢â‚¬  and that if the remainder of the class needed to sound savvy like me, they ought to consider doing precisely what I did on the following field trip. The whole class thundered with giggling †aside from my instructor, obviously. Since the time the phantoms of those old relics communed with me each one of those years back, my craving to examine history has grasped my soul with a determination dissimilar to anything I have ever experienced. I completely plan to seek after my verifiable goals in school since I will have the option to communicate with researchers significantly more truly slanted than my third grade instructor, and I will appreciate each day of learning. I have consistently been uncommonly inquisitive, and with regards to history, no bit of information †anyway unimportant or unsafe to acquire †will ever get away from my notification. Author’s Note: This school paper was seemingly my generally close to home. It is incredibly a genuine story and helped me get into school programs at the University of Michigan, Cornell University, and Dartmouth College.

Carbon Sinks and Global Climate Change :: Environment Earth Papers

Carbon sinks have been a hotly debated issue encompassing worldwide environmental change. To comprehend this discussion it is first fundamental to comprehend what carbon sinks are and what they do. Plants have the normal capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from environment, putting away it as carbon. Comparable to worldwide environmental change, plants, particularly trees, can assist with engrossing a portion of the carbon dioxide that people have discharged into the air. This becomes one potential arrangement in alleviating environmental change. Similarly as with numerous potential answers for environmental change, there are certain and negative sides of carbon sinks as an alleviation choice. There is additionally a serious disparity of perspectives between nations. The issue of carbon sinks keeps on being discussed today. Is this a territory wherein accord and collaboration can happen? Sadly, this has quite recently been another region in which there has been discussion in worldwide ecological legislative issues. After a top to bottom glance at the negative and positive parts of carbon soaks according to worldwide environmental change, it appears as of now the negative viewpoints exceed the positive. Because of logical vulnerability, an insufficient checking and estimating framework, just as an absence of rules and rules, the utilization of carbon sinks will end up being even more an issue than an answer for the worldwide environmental change issue. Above all else, what are carbon sinks? The earth contains different normal stocks or repositories of carbon. These stocks can be found in the sea, woodlands, soils, and the air. At the point when one of these stocks discharges carbon, for example, when a woods is decreased by fire, decay, or deforestation, it is known as a wellspring of carbon. At the point when these stocks retain carbon they are called sinks (Sedjo, 4). The sea can hold the most carbon; it contains around fifty fold the amount of carbon as the air. Timberlands and soils contain about 3.5 occasions as much carbon as the environment (Kolshus, 2). This paper for the most part centers around carbon soaks in backwoods since it is as of now the subject under discussion in the environmental change system. Sinks can be utilized to moderate worldwide environmental change in two different ways: either by creating new woodlands to ingest the carbon, or by forestalling the arrival of carbon into the air through activities, for example, deforestation (Pagiola, 25). Be that as it may, presently there is an absence of accord with respect to how much carbon can really be consumed by these sinks.

Essay on The Great Gatsby Example For Students

Article on The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a novel about a man who attempts to prevail upon a lady he had lost numerous years back. Jay Gatsby is the legend in this novel since he stands apart among the rich. Not at all like the remainder of the rich individuals in this novel Gatsby has virtues, and the remainder of them can just handle things of material worth. Gatsby goes through his entire time on earth attempting to shroud the way that he wasnt like the others. Gatsby never fits in among them since what he sees of them is all off-base, they were as uncivil as any other individual. Through being less crude than the rich, assurance for affection, being decided by his feelings that delete any uncertainty, he hushes up tempered; which maintains his significance, and he is secured by others that let us know of his significance. Gatsby isn't as crude as the remainder of the rich people, he is progressively mannered and common. The individuals at his gatherings are for the most part wild and not common, what you would not anticipate from individuals of this height. Gatsby is like this since he has needed to procure his cash and has not quite recently acquired it like the apathetic parcel of them. The main other individual that approaches Gatsby is Nick, yet we dont get the chance to perceive what he would resemble with riches. All through the novel Gatsby watches out upon the group, when he comes down to welcome Nick he is exceptionally pleasant to everybody encompassing him, realizing they spread gossipy tidbits and lies about him. He doesnt consider anything it since he knows its common for individuals to chatter, he cannot pass judgment on them on it since it is the group he wishes to turn into. Scratch reveals to Gatsby he is superior to the entire spoiled bundle of them, Nick understands this since he comprehends what it resembles to be poor and he knows Gatsby still acts like a poor man, yet he has all the riches to cover it up (p. 146). Gatsby is resolved to locate his one genuine affection, which makes him stand apart from the affluent also. The entirety of the wealthy in the novel arent scanning for anything, none of the rich can cherish anything except if it is of material worth. It appears as though they love one another, yet they just out of every others riches. Tom doesn't cherish Daisy he undermines her constantly. Daisy didn't adore Tom, she wedded him for riches, or, in all likelihood she would have hitched Gatsby on the off chance that he were not gone up against. Gatsby was into bootlegging, which was illicit, he could lose his wealth whenever, and if Daisy were with him she would wind up poor. Gatsby was looking for the American Dream, the main thing he had left to grip in it was a caring family. Daisy was the imperfection in the American Dream. Gatsby needed to wed out of adoration and not out of riches like all the others. He realized he needed to live the American Dream to marry her. He realized she adored riches more than all else, he had an assortment of clippings of nearly all that she had done throughout the years (p. 90). Gatsby could have any other individual on the planet with old cash, however he just needed Daisy, consequently she was his one genuine affection. Gatsby was administered by his feelings, which makes him question any doubts he had made about Daisy. Gatsby realized she would never adore him like he cherished her, yet it didn't stop him. .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .postImageUrl , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:hover , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:visited , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:active { border:0!important; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:active , .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u da62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uda62826fa7456451fea9d2bca44c4f32:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Blood Brothers Argumentative EssayGatsby continued hosting gatherings with the expectation that she would come to them, when she never did he thought it fortuitous event and not destiny, which it was. He had confidence in trust and not destiny or, in all likelihood he would have predicted the dramatic finish. When he has seen her again he confirms that she is in life just for cash, yet he recalls that he has been after her his whole life and it doesnt matter what she thinks. After the gathering she had at last gone to Gatsby is unsatisfied with the outcomes and says that she didnt like it (p. 106). After this Gatsby is as yet resolved to cause her to comprehend like she used to, to make her affection him as she did. After this imperfection he despite everything seeks after her, notwithstanding what she thinks, he trusts where it counts inside she recollects. His calm temper makes him stand apart among the others as it maintains his enormity. Gatsbys house is in a sad chaos after these gatherings yet he is never infuriated about it. He sees the rich as being low tempered and mannered individuals, when in truth they are not, they are furious basic individuals, and in light of the fact that he isn't like this he is the saint. He never is frantic about Daisy never going to his gathering, never gets disappointed, and not in any way incensed by what bits of gossip are spread about him. At the point when he becomes rich himself he understands that the rich are high tempered and crude individuals, which is the reason he utilizes individuals to get what he needs. He meets Nick and really feels awful for utilizing him, since he is a considerate less crude character, for example, himself. At the point when Tom is attempting to befuddle Daisy by standing up to Gatsby and make her stay with him he is as yet not rankled, for example, tom is (p. 26). Now Gatsby sticks out, he is the only one not rankled or altogether crazy, he tries to avoid panicking. Gatsby is constantly secured by others in the novel which reveals to us that he is a notable individual. He is ensured by individuals identified with his activity and any individual who knew him. He generally needs Nick to accompany him on things he is uncertain of, similar to when meeting daisy without precedent for a long time (p. 83). He needs others to satisfy his trust in himself, it is the means by which he got as far he did in the novel (cash insightful). He just meets new individuals through relationship with another person in the novel, he meets Nick through Jordan and Daisy through Nick. He resembles this since he anticipates that things should come to him like they have in the past like his activity from Meyer Wolfshiem. James Gatsby is the legend in the novel through: his cutting edge acts, assurance for affection, his overcoming feelings, his peaceful disposition, and his ensured state. A legend is somebody not normal for the others and Gatsby fills this character splendidly in the novel. In this way Gatsby is the character and nobody else ought to try and be considered for his place in The Great Gatsby.

What is the Vatican II Free Essays

Vatican II is the last ecumenical committee that the Roman Catholic Church had. It is the main committee that the Church sorted out for as long as century up to now. Ecumenical boards are held each time the Church feels there are things to be settled inside its foundation. We will compose a custom article test on What is the Vatican II? or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now It is gone to by Bishops around the globe. Not to be deceive by its name, Vatican II isn't a continuation of Vatican I; rather, it is another committee devoted to settling new issues. Since this gathering is held practically 50 years prior, possibly it is about time for the Church to at long last hold another, not really to settle new issues, however just to check the general status of the Christian world, particularly with the appearance of foundational microorganism examine and the proceeding with issues of conception prevention. Plus, things today are certainly not the same as what they were forty or fifty years prior. The chamber of Vatican II concentrated on issues on formality, the Church, sacred text and awesome disclosure, and the job of the Bishops. The chamber delivered reports in regards to these themes, in addition to twelve additional subjects that they talked about in the gathering. In opposition to the past chambers which were held principally in light of the ascent of bogus lessons, the Vatican II didn't concentrate on abusing blasphemer lessons. Along these lines, this board is most likely the first of its sort. The most effective method to refer to What is the Vatican II?, Papers

Bavarian Rhapsody

Bavarian Rhapsody DID YOU KNOW? Although three members of Queen routinely sang lead and backing vocals, the opening chords of Bohemian Rhapsody are sung entirely by Freddie Mercury, recorded on four separate tracks and mixed together. München! I went to München! Or Munich. But München is more fun to say, and its got an umlaut. I just realized that I had a commenter a long time ago who claimed to be from München. So he will probably comment again and tell me that I should have contacted him, because I only ended up visiting the tourist traps. Well, I never said I was a role model. But as far as tourist traps go, I did go (briefly) into the Hard Rock Café. I briefly contemplated buying a Hard Rock Café: Munich t-shirt, because that is just an awesome gift for somebody, but I looked at the price tag of 24 euros and decided that, with current exchange rates, I didnt like anybody that much. Blah blah blah pictures. I dont know if it was just the Germany-Sweden eighthfinal World Cup match taking place in Munich that afternoon, but there were a lot of people walking around in liederhosen, many of whom were even playing oom-pa-pa music on tubas. Do people always wear these in Bavaria? Because they are kind of uncomfortable. I know this because one time, as Captain Von Trapp in The Sound of Music, I almost had to change into liederhosen in 45 seconds, but somebody with a brain noted that as Captain Von Trapp escapes Nazi persecution hiking through the alps, he would probably opt to wear something that chafes a little less. However, I will assume that Swedish transvestites are not something that you see every day in Bavaria. Am I allowed to say transvestite in a blog? Anyway, its good to see fans getting along. The motto of the 2006 World Cup is a time to make friends. Who wouldnt want to be friends with a Swedish transvestite in aviator glasses? We ate lunch at the Hofbräuhaus, which is probably a little like Durgin Park in Boston, except I have never been there. This picture kind of gives an impression of the frenzied atmosphere within, but not really. As I said in one of my Nice entries, they really should teach you all about the foods of a nation before you go there, especially in a language so well known for its diverse vocabulary describing bizarre cooked and uncooked sausages. We also went to the Alte Pinakothek, which showcases a lot of old artwork. A lot of it was really breathtaking in particular, I loved a withering still life painted by Jan Brueghel, but forgot to take a picture of it. Luckily, Wikipedia shows it as an example of his work. A lot of early artwork was really a lot more grotesque than I had previously thought. I also like it when there are depictions of Jesus contemporaries wearing Renaissance clothing, as (I think) shown above. The museum features the largest collection of work by Peter Paul Reubens in the world. Apparently he really liked to paint tangled masses of naked people getting sucked up to heaven during the Last Judgment, because there were like four or five separate painting of his to that effect. Im sorry, I really can appreciate art sometimes. One thing I noticed about Germany is that its really hard to drink things. In most restaurants, its awkward to order tap water, and most beverages will run you about $US 2.50, for one can with no refills. In München, the standard size for any beverage is 1 liter, pretty much. Here, a dirndl-clad waitress has just laid down a second round of beers and an Argentinian fan finds this as interesting as I did. We went to the Olympic Stadium to watch the Mexico-Argentina game on Saturday night, but the only picture I took there was of the port-o-potty. Well, Ive seen stadiums before, but Ive never seen a port-o-potty with this picture on it. In the mens bathroom at my job, there are two separate areas depending on what you need to accomplish therein. One is labeled with a drop of water and one is labeled with a man scratching his side. I did not know there were international symbols for those things. We went to the English Garden, a large Boston Common-type area downtown. Parks in Germany are a lot different from parks in America. For example, there are a lot of naked people in German parks. And people generally dont seem to be bothered by that. Also, there are German women riding around on horses who look like this. I dont know, maybe her Valkyrie-like riding was also World Cup-inspired. And heres a beautiful building under a purple sky, because I needed something pretentious like that to conclude the entry. True story: I tried to post this comment yesterday, but received a message (from myself) that I needed some time to verify comments from unregistered commenters and I would get to approving this comment at my earliest convenience. Since then, I cant find the comment anywhere. Has anybody else been having trouble commenting? If so, sorry. Mike Well, Ive only taken one class in bio (7.06: Cell Biology), but Ive been told by fellow bio majors that MIT grad school is great for molecular and cell biologies, but not quite as good for studying anything larger than a cell. We dont have a med school, so if you want to study anatomy or things like that, its better to look into HST, a joint program with Harvard. Kash Honestly, I dont know what the average GPA of admitted students is. Theres no minimum GPA or anything, and I know people who didnt get straight As or ranked 20th in their high school classes and still got in (and they didnt go to super-competitive private schools either). In general, higher grades are better, but its also good for you to take the most challenging classes that are offered at your school and do as well as you can in themif your school has AP/IB, you should take at least a few of them in the areas that you are most interested in. Improvement also looks good, so even if you dont have great grades now, youve still got two years to bring them up! Ruth Well, Im limited somewhat by the fact that I have only one pot and one pan, and even those were kind of stolen by my roommate from Bayer. I didnt want to invest in cookware because Im only going to be here for three months. I also didnt want to investing in spices, so I took a page from the book of Ling and bought a 69-cent bottle of grill seasoning, which I sprinkle in every dish I cook, from spaghetti to fajitas. My Indian roommate is also teaching me how to properly execute Indian cooking, so watch out Apple Bake.

Create an Effective, Personalized MCAT Prep Strategy [Webinar]

Will you be ready on MCAT day? We think it’s best to go into the exam feeling confident that you’re ready to do the best you possibly can – and that requires effective preparation. How can you be sure if your test prep strategy is the right one for your needs? To help you create an effective, personalized MCAT prep strategy, we’ve partnered with our friends at NextStepTestPrep to bring you our new webinar, The MCAT: Craft Your Strategy for Success. In just one hour, you’ll learn how to devise a customized approach to your test prep – no one-size-fits-all strategy for you! You’ll also learn which resources can help you as you chart your path to MCAT success. There’s still time to sign up – don’t miss this opportunity! For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to their dream healthcare programs. Our outstanding team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, admissions committee members, pre-health advisors, postbac program directors, and doctors. Our staff has guided applicants to acceptance at allopathic (MD) and osteopathic (DO) medical schools, residencies and fellowships, dental school, veterinarian school, and physician assistant programs at top schools such as Harvard, Stanford, Penn, UCSF, Johns Hopkins, Columbia, and many more.  Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch!

Human Trafficking A Dangerous Crime - 1634 Words

Human trafficking is the quickest increasing criminal industry currently in society and is a dark human behavior that has been going on since the beginning of history. The trafficking of human beings for forced slave labor and sexual exploitation is a horrendous crime that takes advantage of one throughout the illegal trading and forced labor of all types of people People trafficking forces millions of people going against their will and having to take part in prostitution, beg and complete hard labor for the profit and benefit of others and not themselves. This modern day slavery movement has been an issue for centuries and is an act happening worldwide. The phrase â€Å"human trafficking† comes from what everyone knows as traffic like in the†¦show more content†¦Human Trafficking consist of three elements: the act, the means and the purpose (Recruitment, 2016). Firstly, the process begins with recruitment and transportation of people. When traffickers go out they te nd to know exactly what kind of boy or girls that they’re looking for. When they have this certain type of person in mind they think of places with a low amount of supervision and where might this type of person is located. Traffickers can target people in settings with an abundance of people so no on even notices their absence or a place where they may be seen alone and would very easily taken. The most targeted is the youth and young adults. Youth usually consist of teen runaways, the homeless and ones that live in poverty. After a plan and every little detail is set into place they re out to scout a victim. Secondly, the act of human trafficking is achieved in many different ways. More than likely a pimp may approach these teens or young adults with false advertisement or the promise of a better life or living situation (Some, 2014). Other ways that human trafficking can happen is a kidnapping and a violent threat that leaves someone with no choice but to agree or get harm ed. Different types of traffickers have different tactics when it comes to abducting their victims. One type may be someone that makes the victim gain their trust no matter how long it takes, these people can be disguised as friends, distant family members or a significant other.

U.S Human Rights Intervention Essay - 650 Words

Should the U.S. intervene to prevent or end violations of human rights (including genocide) in foreign countries when these violations do not directly affect other American interests? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States is a growing global power and presence. Most other countries are not. We are often called upon to engage in conflict situations like preventing violations of human rights and genocide. Intervening only where our national interest is concerned would only bring about negative reactions, which could undermine our effectiveness and especially our international credibility. Therefore, the U.S. should seek to intervene in and prevent violations of human rights not only where we have other interests but in most other†¦show more content†¦should intervene whether national interest are involved or not because this will continue to ensure that the U.S. plays a major role in shaping other countries foreign policy and remaining a key player in world politics. Editor and Author, Robert Kagan maintains in his book, â€Å"American Power – A guide for the perplexed† that American â€Å"national interests† need to be interpreted broadly to take into account the country’s position as world leader. Intervening only where our interests are involved will make other countries suspicious in their dealings with the U.S. in most other aspects. If countries realize that the U.S. intervenes only when American national interest is involved, they might become hostile to U.S. advances because they might think the U.S. wants to gain something from them. In short, other countries would regard us as a selfish country, only concerned with human rights internally and concerned with where we can gain externally. Acting only where our national interest are concerned may open up opportunities for endless frivolous complaints to be lodged against the United States as a global power and presence. Lastly, if U.S. intervention in the prevention of human rights is based solely on other American interests, our world today will be a â€Å"world of crisis†, so to speak, because such crimes as genocide, crimes against humanity, violations of human rights and humanitarian law would be much more commonplace and noShow MoreRelated[1] In Her Widely Known Call For American Action In The1275 Words   |  6 Pagesfought for U.S. action in the face of genocide, long considered the â€Å"unreasonable†. Power is but one member, albeit a prominent member, of a school of though called interventionism. Interventionism strongly advocated for the use of U.S. military action to put a stop to genocide. It draws strongly from language of human rights theory to make its case, with an underlying assumption being that human rights are universal and therefore must be enforced by the United States. However, while human rights theoryRead MoreRelevance Of Sovereignty And The Threat Of Terrori sm Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude the expanding necessity of humanitarian intervention along with eliminating the threat of terrorism. Sovereignty, as defined in the Westphalian sense, is only useful today in international politics to the extent that states still require justification for their interventions, heavily varying from the idea of state supremacy within its borders. Globalization alongside intricate international affairs, such as terrorism and humanitarian intervention, largely influence current sovereignty normsRead MoreEssay on U.S. Intervention1563 Words   |  7 Pagesinto military intervention in foreign countries for humanitarian reason? Why? Why not? Under what conditions should the U.S. intervene if at all? History has been shown to repeat itself, and if we dont learn from it, we are doomed to repeat it. We have watched many genocides happen within the last decade, some of which the U.S. has intervened, and in some cases where they have not. The United States should not intervene in foreign countries for humanitarian reasons because the U.S. may lack investingRead MoreEssay about American Foreign Policy in Syria1237 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing global controversy about whether the United States should intervene in the Syrian conflict, and whether this intervention should be military or strategic. The U.S. has recently avoided interfering militarily in Syria or providing the rebels with direct support, but admitted the presence of the Syrian opposition. However, the U.S. has been criticized for its non-intervention policy, especially with the rise in the level of violence and the spread of conflict to other areas of the country, andRead MoreThe Involvement Of The Middle East1598 Words   |  7 Pageshave been lost, including innocent civilians, opposing forces, and U.S. troops and its allies. Trillions of dollars have been spent on the involvement in the Middle East for decades by the United States government, which orchestrated these results. The burden financially, has been measured in trillions of dollars, on multiple expenses, all relating to the involvement in the Middle East. Not only have these events impacted the U.S. financially, but many people have had to pay the ultimate price, withRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 PagesOverextended in the Game of Plausible Deniability As I previously stated in the â€Å"U.S. Foreign Policy† section of my paper, the U.S. was spread across the globe in several conflicts. The U.S. had forces in Haiti, Somalia, the Balkans, and the middle East, so when the bloodshed began in Rwanda, the U.S. was not eager to extend it resources to another battle. John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights stated, â€Å"Bosnia was in one of its real crisis modes. The Europeans didn’t want toRead MorePlato’s Republic and the Just War Theory Versus Humanitarian Intervention1044 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican involvement in humanitarian intervention is one of the most controversial issues in contemporary US foreign policy. The definition of humanitarian intervention is a military intervention; entering into a country for the purposes of saving lives and protecting citizens from the violation of their human rights. As in all debates, there are always two sides. One side disputes that military force should only be applied when, in the words of former Secretary of Defense Weinberger, ‘a vital nationalRead MoreThe United States And The European Union1122 Words   |  5 PagesBy Day 4, post a brief comparison of the health status of the two EU countries you selected with that of the U.S. In the European Union (EU) cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death that affects nearly 1.9 million and 4.35 million in the overall European nations (European Commission, 2006 p. 12). The nations that are composed of the EU are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, ItalyRead MoreCNN or CIA In August of 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of1500 Words   |  6 Pagesless than a year, the United States and thirty-three other nations decided to respond with war. A series of individuals and organizations across the globe suggested that the United States and other nations had ulterior motives that prompted the intervention. However, these reasons failed to surface in the media’s debates. The United States media used censorship and deceit to steer the public’s opinion in favor of the Gulf War as a means of serving the interests of their corporate donors and ownersRead MoreThe Common Thread Among The Conflict1534 Words   |  7 PagesKimberly Jimenez April 13, 2015 E405 History Draft US Intervention: The Common Thread amongst the Conflict Fear is an abstract concept but it does not make it any less real. For centuries, countries have been at the brink of war and chaos and nothing that has been attempted has resolved the issue. It is time to revise the previous attempts. United States intervention has been an ongoing issue that continues to harm a multitude of nations; thus, we need to decrease US involvement among other nations

Analysis Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck - 723 Words

Srinivasa Mudumba Mrs.Hastings English 9R May 13, 2015 Part one: I want to find out how important it is to take care of those in need? I am interested in this because there are a lot of people in the world that have disabilities and they need help. In mice and men, Lennie has trouble understanding the outside world and he takes time to process things in his brain. Lennie doesn’t know his strength and he can get into trouble easily. For example, when Curly wants to fight with Lennie, Lennie accidentally breaks his right arm. At the end of the story, Lennie hugs a puppy but accidentally kills it. Also, he kills Curly’s wife by snapping her neck. People with problems, how can they take care of themselves? In mice and men, George takes care of Lennie by thinking he is a part of him. But in the real world, how important is it to care someone who has certain types of problems? Part 2: In the United States, there are tons of health hospital and facilities, there all know a little bit off something about how important it to care someone with disabilities. There are websites like the national council on disability or the NCD, The United States centers for disease control and prevention or CDC, and health care. There are also resources like gale, which can hold a lot of information about this particular topic. There are a lot of great information out in the world, some are in book that exist somewhere in the world. Part 3: The Disabilities act was approved in the 1990; many socialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. ThereRead MoreAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck The story Of Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck in the year of 1937, during this time the great depression had taken place. Also from 1930 till 1945 this was when World War 2 had taken place amounts of 12 to 15 million people were unemployed they were more poor people on the streets than ever before as with the combination of the hungry and the homeless due to the war and the stock market crash making 15,000 banks Read MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 2778 Words   |  12 PagesLiterature 15 October 2014 Author Study: John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, born in February 27, 1902, worked as a manual labor worker before achieving his success as a well renowned American writer. A compassionate understanding of the world s disinherited was to be Steinbeck s hallmark. The novel In Dubious Battle (1936) defends striking migrant agricultural workers in the California fields. In the novel Of Mice and Men(1937; later made into a play), Steinbeck again utilizes the hardships of migrantRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1400 Words   |  6 Pagesreality. In the book of Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, the story is a tale of two drifters working from farm to farm, trying to make a living, and save some money to have their own place someday, which is their dream during the Great Depression. The characters face the hardships of loneliness, poor wages and living conditions, judgemental farm owners, and situations that thwart their success at reaching their dream. In Of Mice and Men, the author Stei nbeck negatively implies that havingRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck Analysis1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck, portrayed the times of hardship and struggle in United States’ Great Depression. When two exorbitantly contrasting drifters, try to make enough money by working on ranches to achieve their variation of the American Dream. Steinbeck effectively got readers attention through each dramatic page and ended the novella with a drastic turn of events that will leave the readers in awe. Although many book concerning the great depression may seem boring Steinbeck was successfulRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 799 Words   |  4 PagesUday Sharma Ms. Hunt ENG-3U0 7/19/2015 Lennie Small: Character Analysis What happened to their dream? What went wrong? Of Mice and Men; by John Steinbeck is a novella about George and Lennie. George is a quick and witty person, whereas Lennie is slow and strong. Lennie Small is a child-like character who is innocent, kind-hearted, and short-tempered, these traits are some of the factors to many of the mishaps throughout the novella and relate to the theme that true friendship requires sacrificesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1406 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis Essay John Steinbeck, writer of the novel, Of Mice and Men, uses many different rhetorical devices and appeals to unravel the essence and truth of the American Dream, while revolving around the world of these characters, George and Lennie. Written during the great depression, the novel itself shares the lives of many different people during that time period. It explored how everyone was treated through that time due to skin color, disabilities, and gender. Life during thisRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1020 Words   |  5 PagesWeak Do opposites really attract? Can two people, with no similarities, share a close bond? It proves to be so in the novel Of Mice and Men , written by John Steinbeck. A novel which tells the story of two men, George and Lennie, and their journey of a new job working on a ranch. A novel with a different but interesting style of writing. A novel where John Steinbeck utilizes how powerful George is over Lennie, to signify how people believe they are dominant over others, because of their greaterRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagestowards women have been a problem in society since men foolishly decided to give women the stereotype of being housewives and only good for breeding children. Those who refuse to follow the stereotype are considered promiscuous, or unfaithful towards their significant other. This stereotype was highly expected of women during the early twentieth century, and was also exhibited in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice an d Men towards Curley’s wife. Of Mice and Men took place in the 1930s, and the plot follows two

Salem Witch Trials Of 1692 - 1271 Words

Salem Witch Trials of 1692 Salem was a very disperse community in the Massachusetts Bay colony with a growing Puritan community in the northern America. Towns in the colony were scattered by a half days travel or more. In view of this, transportation and communication was a very slow and the settlers were threatened by the attack of bears and other wild animals. Puritans were spiritual people and believed that God is the ruler of everything they possessed. The puritans believed that they were the chosen people and therefore they had to seek perfection. They were also of the believe that it was God who provided them with good health, riches and fortunes. Salvation was an important virtue of the puritans and God could take away their salvation if they sinned and went contrary to the bible. Also, misfortunes and bad things happened to them as a presence of evil and showed Gods disapproval of their salvation. Bible reading, fasting, prayers and preaching formed an integral part of the puritan community According to Wilson, trials in Salem began in January 1692 where two young girls who lived with Paris family played with white magic. Tituba a slave who lived with the Paris family introduced the girls white magic with the objective of guessing the jobs of their would-be husbands. The young girls later began slipping into trances, cowering into corners, blurring nonsensical speech which no one could understand and also developed fits. These symptoms also spread to the otherShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (curr ently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 1692 Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pages The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were a dark time in American history. There were many possible causes of the Salem Witch Trials. A few major causes that led to the Salem Witch Trials were religion, reputations, and lack of laws. Life before the infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials was extremely mundane and normal. Salem villagers led a simple life in the customs of the Puritans. The Salem village and society was based and founded on the Puritan religion. The people had a very set lifestyle withRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692941 Words   |  4 PagesA. Plan of the investigation The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a dark and very crucial time in American history. The late sixteen hundreds consisted of relying on young girls for the truth; but to what extent did the puritan’s religion and culture have in the proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials? A focus on the religion that the puritans believed in and their culture will be discussed. Also, how their faith turned them against those who were accused of witchcraft. It is also neededRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 20 people to be hung or pressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daught ers were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692700 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if your life was ruined just because you were considered unfit for society? This is exactly what was going on during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Prior to the trials, there were witch hunts that caused global unease mainly to Protestant societies. King Philip’s War also contributed to this unease by pushing people from the east coast and into Puritan towns. These towns had misogynistic male leadership, depriving many people of humanity becauseRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead MoreWitch Hunts : The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692938 Words   |  4 PagesWitch Hunts Essay â€Å"Its funny how everyone hates witch hunts†¦ until they see a witch† - Jon Stewart Even though The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 was one of the most well-known witchcraft trials over the world, the idea of witchcraft stretches over a long period of time and spreads throughout the world. One of the earliest known witch hunts according to (witchcraftandwitches.com) were in the mid 15th century, where Pope Innocent VII claimed that Satanists in Germany were meeting with demonsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And The Witch Hunts Of 1692801 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the witch hunts of 1692. The primary source that is being analyzed isn’t about him but is from many stories that he collected and put them together in a manuscript. This manuscript that contains true accounts about the trial and it included the attempted escape of Mrs. Cary of Charlestown Massachusetts told from her husband Nathaniel Cary’s viewpoint. I believe that Nathaniel Cary wanted this account to be written in order to highlight and expose how the puritans handled the witch trials and spe cificallyRead MoreThe Spring Of 1692 Salem Witch Trials1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn the spring of 1692 the Salem witch trials began. During this time in history women accused of being witches often faced being torture, testing, and trials. Most of the time witches experienced executions if not that, put in jail. The townspeople tortured the accused witches in the most inhumane ways. This is considered a very dark and eerie time of the Puritans in Salem, Massachusetts (P., Shaunak). A group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts told the people of their town they had been possessed

River Rother Free Essays

We are visiting four different locations, on the 18th September 2009, along The River Rother. It is hoped that these locations will demonstrate the three main courses of a river; Upper Course, Middle Course and Lower course. The four locations that we will be visiting and carrying out our tests are: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on River Rother or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marley Lane, for the upper course (the source) 2. Sedlescombe, for the middle course 3. Bodiam, for the lower middle course 4. Rye Harbour, for the lower course (mouth) The purpose of the study is to find out if our hypothesis proven correct or not, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.’ Collecting data from each of the location hopefully will prove our hypothesis correct. The information that we need to collect from the three locations are; the width, depth and speed. To obtain these results we will be using a meter ruler, tape measure, clinometer and a dog biscuit. For some of the results that we are unable to get we will use a secondary source and we will compare our results to the results from text the books. The four locations that have been chosen are ideal for our study because they are close to the school, they show all the three stages of the rivers course and we are able to visit all the locations and get out tests done in one day. The River Rother, is 35 miles long, is a river flowing through the South East of England and runs though East Sussex and Kent. Its source is near Rotherfield which is in East Sussex, and its mouth is Rye Harbor, which is part of the English Channel. METHODOLOGY Width At a narrow point of the rivers course (Battle and Sedlescombe), we will use a meter ruler to measure the distance from one bank to other. At mid point (Bodiam), we will use a tape measurer crossing via a bridge. At the lower course (Rye), we will either estimate or use a secondary source. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the width does get bigger as you carry on down the rivers course. Depth At Battle and Sedlescombe we will measure the river’s depth 5cm interval to find out the shape of the river channel. At Bodiam there is a bridge and at every meter we will measure the depth using a tape measure with a weight at the end to hold it down. At Rye we will use a secondary source because the river there is much to deep for us to measure. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the depth does getting deeper as you carry on down the rivers course. Speed of River The method for collecting the speed of the river will be the same at all for locations. We will measure ten meter along the side of the river, drop a dog biscuit in at zero on the stopwatch, and time it to see how long it takes to get to the end of the ten meters. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the speed does increase as you carry on down the rivers course. Photographs We will be taking photos as we walk round to show the type of land use that is there and the landscape to see if it is the same as a typical landscape. The landscape showed to be the same as a typical rivers landscape. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct. Field Sketches We will be noting down features/land uses of the land as we walk around so we can later on make a Field Sketch, really get an idea of the land use in the area, and see if it is like a typical river lay out. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct; the landscape forms a more U shape as you carry on down the rivers course. Observations As we are walking round, we will be noting down the land uses. Valley/Slope Profile In pairs, we will measure the valley sides and floor at the river and will measure the distance it is between each other gradient of slope and measure the angle using a Clinometer. In pairs we will stand at the top of the valley sides. The first person will pace out until the slope changes angle, we will note this and the person at the top of the slope will note down the reading of the angle change with the Clinometer. The second person will meet the first person and the will repeat this, until the other side of the valley. The hypothesis we expect to be proven correct that the valley does make a ‘V’ shape and closer you get to the mouth the ‘V’ shape turns into a ‘U’ shape. River Profile We will take the width measurement and depth measurement and create a cross section of the river for each location. Land Use Survey We will have an OS map of each location and use the keys to note down the land use. We will colour in the the land uses in different colour and after wards use a Ten by Ten grid (squared) and count up the number of square for each one and calculate the percentage out of a hundred for each one. We will then out this into a pie chart to show the percentages. The hypothesis we expect to be proven wrong for the land use to be the same as a typical river’s land use. WHAT I EXPECT TO FIND Upper Course (Battle, Marley Lane) At this stage of the river it should be every slow and narrow and shallow. There should be many obstructions in the way of the river. It is because of all these obstructions that the river is flowing slowly. There will be steep valley sides a, ‘V’, shaped valley and several waterfalls. There should be interlocking spurs. The land use should be over run by Pastoral Farmland and Woodland, Settlement. The volume should be small due to the large amount of obstructions and the shape of the valley which is due to the Interlocking Spurs (hard rock). Middle Course (Sedlescombe) The river should be wider than the upper course. The valley flor should be wider, faster flowing water and the volume should increase due to the change in the channel’s shape. The valley shape should start to change more like a ‘U’ shape. Pastoral Farmland and Woodland will dominate the land use. Lower Middle Course (Bodiam) The river has already started to widen so at this stage it is becoming even wider and the valley into a more pronounced ‘U’ shape. From this the river is much large and deeper and volume is larger. The river should now be flowing much faster because there are very little obstructions in the way. Pastoral and Arable Farmland should dominate the land use. Lower Course (Rye) This stage should have the largest depth of the whole river because it is a deep ‘U’ shape and the width is very wide. The speed as increased to its top speed because there is no obstructions in the way now and if there is every few. The main feature that should be found here is the mouth of the river that leads out to the Ocean. The flood plain is very large and the land use is all mainly Slat Marsh Land and Mud Flats so it unused and there is Industry. DATA ANALYSIS / INTERPRETATION Width The data that is being shown is the width of Battle, Sedlescombe, Bodiam and Rye. Rye had the largest width in between each bank leaving Battle the smallest. Ryes width was 2500cm; Bodiam had 1240cm, Sedlescombe 134cm and Battle 50cm. Rye has the largest width between each bank, this is because Rye is the lower course of the river and has no obstructions in the rivers path so it is the fastest flowing and erodes the banks faster. It is also the location where the mouth of the river, where it enters the sea. However, we did have to get this from a secondary source. Battle has the smallest width; this is because it is located in the upper course and the speed of the river here is at its slowest and is unable to erode the banks as freely as the lower course. The erosion found in the upper course is Vertical Erosion this is why in the upper course the river is shaped as a ‘V’. The most common type of erosion found in the middle course of the river is Lateral Erosion, which is why the river gets wider as you carry on further on down the river. The textbook theory from the textbook that the river gets bigger, in lateral erosion and vertical erosion, as you get near to the mouth of the river. Our hypothesis is proven correct for the width does act like a typical river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Depth The data that shows the depth of Battle, Sedlescombe, Bodiam and Rye. From the upper course to the mouth the rivers depth got larger. Starting with Battle, which had the smallest depth of, only had 37cm, Sedlescombe with 50cm, Bodiam 97cm and Rye with the largest out of them with 400cm. The data for Battle may have been altered due to the heavy rain on the day, which may have caused erosion. However, previously very dry weather had led to low volume of water. The depth at Rye we have had to get from a secondary source due to the difficult fact that we are unable to measure. From the data, it shows very clearly that the rivers depth does increase as it goes along. This is due to the transportation of more water and material, which erodes vertically, this, is the act of it eroding downwards and laterally, which of it eroding across. The theory from the textbook agrees with our hypothesis and what we have found, the river does get bigger in lateral erosion and vertical erosion, as you draw nearer to the month of the river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Speed The data shows that the River Rother picks up speed from Battle (Source) to Rye (Mouth). The speed of Battle was the slowest with 0.03m/ps, Sedlescombe 0.52m/ps, Bodiam 0.98m/ps and Rye with the fastest 1.72m/ps. The change in the speed is very noticeable when the river gets to Bodiam (lower middle course) the speed increases by 1.69m/ps. This is because this is the point of confluence (were two rivers meet).Battle and Sedlescombe are the tributary river from the River Brede, when a tributary river meet the speed and volume of the river increases. Because the volume increases that means there is more water in the river and from that there less obstructions in the way, so the river speed goes much faster. The theory from the textbook agrees with our hypothesis and what we have found, the river does get fast as you draw nearer to the mouth of the river. DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Valley Profiles The valley at Battle is quite deep at the sides and not very deep in the middle. The shape is shaped like a ‘U’ but this maybe be because of the bridge that goes over the top of the river. Battle has a small valley that had been enlarged by the bridge. Therefore, this affected our results slightly but the valley was meant to be ‘V’ shaped. Sedlescombe is a lot flatter than Battle and it is wider. But we where only able to measure one side of the valley, so our interpretation is an estimate due to privet land but it still has the typical shape of a ‘U’ which is what we expected to find. Bodiam has a very wide valley floor and the valley slopes where at an angle making a rough ‘U’ shape like a typical river at this stage. Rye, we where unable to measure because the valley floor was too large. However, this is what we expected to find because it is the last stage of the river, the mouth. The theory from the textbooks is that the valley goes from a ‘V’ shape valley to a ‘U’ shape valley. This is due to hard rock being in the upper course of the river and because the high lands are mainly rock it is harder for the river to erode the away at the banks so it’s a narrow shape forming a ‘V’ shape but the river winds around the hard rock a pattern like a snake. As you carry on down the river the hard rock starts to get erode so what is left are interlocking spurs, these also erode over time crating a wider valley floor crating a ‘U’shape. The hypothesis is proven correct for the Valley Profile. How do I add the figures? DATA ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION River Profiles The width for the three locations is as followed from smallest to the largest; Battle 55cm, Sedlescombe 130cm and Bodiam with 1200cm. Bodiam had the largest depth also with 150cm. This was we expected to find because it is in the middle lower course But this is possible to wrong because in the river were we measured there are pillars to hold the bridge up. So while measuring we may have measured off one of those by accident. In Sedlescombe the deepest point was 53cm which isn’t very deep but this is also expected because it is the upper lower course. The depth is possible to change here too though but only due to lateral erosion. In Battle we expected a shallow depth and we got a shallow depth with 5.5cm. When we took measurements of the river at the different points we put this information into a graph, the graph showed us the shape of the river at each location; Bodiam had long steep vertical banks and the river bed was flat with a few bumps and then back up forming an almost ‘U’ shape. Sedlescombe was more of a ‘V’ shape, the banks both went down at different angles to each other and the river bed had a lot more bumps. The two banks are at different angles this would be due to Lateral Erosion (which is erosion at outside of the bend) which is common in the middle course to form such features like Ox Bow Lakes. Battle was very shallow and lots of bumps along the bed and is hard to tell if it looked like a V shape. After comparing our graphs to a typical river to see if our hypothesis proven correct or not, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.’ It is proven that it does act like a typical river when it is compared. Evaluation – Conclusion From all our data that we have collected proves our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.’ Our hypothesis has got most typical physical features and land use of a normal typical river. For example; Width, the width of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get bigger, in lateral erosion as you get near to the mouth of the river. Depth, the depth of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get bigger, though vertical erosion, as you get near to the mouth of the river. Speed, the speed of the river proved our hypothesis correct that the river does get faster as you get nearer the mouth of the river. River Profile, the river profile went clearly from a V shape to a U as you carried on down the river nearer to the mouth. Vertical Erosion and Lateral Erosion cause this. Valley Profile, the valley profile also went clearly from a V shape to a U shape as you got nearer to the mouth of the river. So from our data our hypothesis is proven correct. However they are some parts of our data that does not agree with the typical river physical features. Like for example; Land Use, the land use around the four locations was proven to be wrong because at each location the land use was predicted different to what we found to really be their. Land Use, In Battle it was predicted we would find Hill Sheep Farming due to the steep land and large areas. But we found was Arable Farming mainly and lots of Settlement. Sedlescombe it was predicted we would find Arable Farming and Settlement. What we found was correct for this location. Bodiam was predicted that we would find it dominated by Arable Farming which is correct. Rye was expected us to find mainly Marsh Land and some Industry. What we found was mainly Marsh Land but also a lot of Industry and Lines of Communication. With that being the only thing that proves our hypothesis wrong against the several other facts that proves our hypothesis correct, The River Rother does includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river. Photo and Filed sketches Evaluation – Limitation After getting all of my results I am happy with what I ended up with because a large amount of the data agrees with our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.’ The land use is the only thing that went against our hypothesis but two of the locations were a tributary from the River Rother. And because Rye is such a large river we are unable to carry out our tests on it because we don’t have the resources so we have to get all the results from a secondary source, which could be either out of date or a bad estimate. All the data we collected could be improved for example; The measuring of the speed, instead of using a Dog Biscuit and counting till it got to a certain spot. We could have used a Flow Meter. We were only able to do the Dog biscuit test once because we only had one Dog Biscuit for each location and it kept getting caught on debris in the river; sticks, rocks, trees and other debris. In Sedlescombe there were too many trees to get an accurate result the dog biscuit kept getting caught so we had to use several leafs to get our results. If we had a Flow Meter the test would have been much easier to carry out and a lot more reliable. Measuring the depth in all three locations can change and be inaccurate, due to the amount of water volume at the time of the measurement. And for the fourth locations, Rye, we had to use a secondary source which could be wrong and out of date. Bodiam we could only measure one side, the other is an estimate so that can be wrong affect the results of the data. Also the pillars in the river that hold up the bridge, it is possible that we could have been measuring off one of those for our depth. Sedlescombe’s results were as good as we could get them. There was no interference other than the rocks in the water but they are natural so it’s possible. In Battle it was very easy to measure because at Battle the river was very shallow. So if there was any interference we could just easily move it out the way. The way that we could have improved measuring the depth would be getting a boat and sailing to the middle of the river and dropping a weight with a tap measure and making sure we don’t get any pillars. Finding the width of the river valley could all be wrong because in Rye we had to use a secondary source, in Bodiam we were only able to measure one side of the river valley due to what looked like privet land and us having to estimate what the other side, and finally Battle and Sedlescombe are both a tributary from the River Brede, so this could be a problem to our results because were meant to be collecting results from the River Rother and not the River Brede. The way we can improve all of this is by having different up to date sources and up to date equipment and measure more than once and take an average. For Sedlescombe how we measured the width was measuring across the bridge rather than measuring the river its self which means the bridge was probably wider than the river so this is a problem that can affect our results. The way we could have done this better is by getting two people down on either side of the river and measuring the length with a tape measure as close as we can. Battle is small enough to easily enough to have trustworthy measurements. The Valley Profile could have been improved a lot more by actually counting and measuring out our own individual steps instead of making all our steps the same with the same distance between each one. These problems could have easily been solved with a Meter Counter, counting our distance and adding up the distance we travelled accurately and correctly. And once we are back in the class room working out our meters into our own steps. This would have improved our data. Measuring the shape of the land with the clinometers wasn’t perfect because not everyone was the same high as their partner so the accuracy was off at that point as well as the clinometers steaming up from the temperature made it hard to read the angles. The day that we went to the four different locations to do our test to get our results wasn’t the best of days. The weeks before where hot and sunny causing evaporation, less water. Then the day and night before our trip it rained causing erosion and prevented us from doing most of the tests we needed to do correctly. It wasn’t a good temperature either causing the clinometers to steam up and unable to read the angles accurately enough for a good result. The rain also ruined my own paper with my results on it making me have to get other results that could be wrong. And people rushing the test because it would start to rain again made it possible that we skipped something important and get the wrong results. Our hypothesis, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river.’ can be inaccurate because it isn’t being very clear to what kind of river it wants us to test for, ‘a typical river’ is there such thing? All rivers are going to be different whether its due to what part of a country they are in or the size of the river or even how much rain the river gets. But I think the main problem that makes our hypothesis inaccurate is not noting what country this typical river is from. A river in Africa is going to be different to a river in England because of the amount of rain fall, less rain less water in the river to clear the obstructions causing the river to have a smaller volume and slower speed. The land use would be completely different too; most of Africa is a LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) so there wouldn’t be a large amount of Settlement and Industry around the mouth of the river. The weather conditions affect the comparisons too, for example; if there is a heat wave the river will lose a lot of water causing speed to slow and volume to drop, depth and width would change too. In England we usually expect rain so the rivers volume, speed, depth and width would all increase. The hypothesis should change to a more clearer, ‘The River Rother includes all the physical features and land use of a typical river in England’. Or something similar that is more targeted on a specific river. How to cite River Rother, Papers

Remedial Measures Suggested to Curb Arsenic Poisoning

Question: Discuss about theRemedial Measures Suggested to Curb Arsenic Poisoning. Answer: Introduction: Arsenic pollution in Australia is a growing concern in the context of soil and water pollution in Australia. The main reason that has resulted in the elevated level of arsenic in the groundwater level of Australia is the various kinds of anthropogenic activities. The anthropogenic activities that need the most important mention here are the mining activities conducted in Western Australia and Victoria. Other such activities include cultivation, industrialization and forestry contaminates soil and water. Arsenic contamination is considered a major concern because it directly affects the ecological cycle of different species such as fish, mammals and even human besides affecting trees (Machlachlan et al., 2016). Metalloid infection is a leading problem that often is unnoticed by the concerned authorities because of their assumptions of such pollution having minimalistic effects on the environment as harmful contaminants. Hazards: Arsenic infection has several health hazards. Some of them include formation of acute poisoning that may even lead to death. When the exposure occurs at a lower level, it may lead to abnormal production of red and white blood corpuscles (Abdul et al., 2015). Even damage to blood vessels also takes place. It also causes darkening of the skin and the appearance of small skin irritations like the occurrence of corns and warts that becomes visible on palms, soles and body. Disease: Due to various health hazards, arsenic pollution becomes responsible for the occurrence of skin cancer, cancer in the liver, urinary bladder and in the lungs. Exposure Pathway to Arsenic: Exposure to arsenic usually occurs by ingestion of foods such as meat, fish, poultry, shellfish and many others in the form of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine, which is sometimes called as fish arsenic. Moreover, well water is often found to be polluted by arsenic present in the bedrock area and is a leading problem globally. Occupational exposure to arsenic may result from inhalation of air contaminated by arsenic usually in the form of arsenic trioxide (Naujokos et al., 2013). These particles are deposited in the respiratory tract. Those particles deposited in the upper respiratory tract may reach the gastrointestinal tract by absorption when mucociliary clearance is done. In very less researches, one can find the skin to be a pathway of exposure. However, studies have shown that persons handling wood preserved with arsenic or handling arsenic acid may lead to exposure but such instances are very few. Risk Associated with Exposed Population: A variety of population may get exposed to arsenic population. The population consuming rice is found out by scientists to be mostly affected. Australian grown organic brown organic brown grain, medium brown grain and white rice were seen to have been contaminated with arsenic with concentration in each being 43823, 28703, and 28318 g kg(-1) dry weight respectively (Rahman et al., 2014). Here we see that both occupational exposure through improper hygiene of inhalation and ingestion not only affect the farmers but also may spread to the entire nation through consumption of the cereals. Arsenic is also found to exposed to populations residing close to cattle dip sights, mined land and also in the residential suburbs of the mineralization areas (Ng et al., 2013). People living in mining areas are also highly vulnerable to arsenic infection. These populations have higher risks associated with arsenic pollution leading to lung cancer, liver lesions, skin cancer and various painful warts and corns on the skin. Importance of Selected Disease: Cancer occurring in different organs like lungs, bladder, gastrointestinal tract and others is a growing concern in not only Australia but also in the entire world and in most cases it is not curable. Persons suffering from cancer suffer physically, emotionally and financially. Data collected in the year 2012 by the Victorian Cancer Registry and Geochemical geochemical data showed that arsenic content in the soil from gold mining sits estimated around 1.4 to 1857 mg/kg. A significant increase in the risk associated with cancer resulted from increased soil arsenic contamination and thereby increases the burden of the entire cancer statistics of the country (Cancer Council Australia, 2016). DPSEEA Framework The DPSEEA framework has been used in order to discuss the interventions, which will be formulated in order to reduce the risk of the exposed population of contracting the disease. The DPSEEA framework has a structure (given in figure 1), which involves an action, that requires to be taken based on the driving force. Figure 1: The DPSEEA framework as designed based on the arsenic population and the remediation techniques suggested. (Source: Created by the author) In this scenario, the action is referred to as the interventions that have to be taken to reduce the risk of exposure of arsenic among the population. A remediation model needs to be devised in order to reduce absorption of arsenic in the system. Background on the Issue Finally, concentrating mainly on the remedial aspect, it is necessary for reducing the threat that arsenic poisoning poses to the population. The local council should work towards preventing mining activities to take place in the particular area so that further contamination can stop. The local council should also make an effort to prevent the people engaging in forestry should not use arsenic as a preservation agent for the logs. Awareness needs to be created among the farmers who cultivate rice by flooding method. If rice is being cultivated in an area whose water table has been contaminated with arsenic, the roots results into adsorbing arsenic in the grain and the shoot as well. Several industrial runoffs open into a water body. These runoffs carry wastes that are contaminated with arsenic. It leads to the contamination of the water body. The local council should make sure that the industries in the area should work towards remediating the arsenic based wastes present in their ru noffs. Remedial Techniques Remedial technique that can be suggested for reducing the cultivation. As a remedial technique in respect to cultivation, it should be stopped in such areas where the spoil is contaminated with arsenic. To avoid this, hyper accumulator plants such as species of Pteris (for example, Pteris vittata) can be planted on such contaminated soils to cure the soil (Singh et al., 2015). At the industries in and around the area contaminated with arsenic, they can apply the technology of Alcan where activated alumina is used as sorptive filtration media. Iron doped carbon, activated alumina are the main composition of the adsorbents that can be used in the industries for radiation purpose (Onby et al., 2014). Sidko is a similar adsorbent, which uses granules of ferric hydroxide. The local council can also introduce an arsenic removal unit, which consists of adsorbents that will make use of coagulation, precipitation, and filtration based processes to remove arsenic (Sorlini, Gialdini Collivigna relli, 2014). The adsorbents can be made of READ-F, which is a Ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) - borne hydrous cerium oxide. By growing awareness among the population, the addition of potassium as a supplement in the diet can reduce chances of cardiovascular troubles caused by arsenic trioxide (Huang et al., 2014). Conclusion Arsenic poisoning is a worrying issue for several nations in the world today. The poisoning is mostly caused by the adsorption of arsenic into the system, which results into causing several diseases. A prolonged accumulation of the arsenic in the soil and consequently, leading to the contamination of the water tables affects the eco system too, which ultimately leads to the eutrophication. In order to avoid such a situation, remediation techniques need to be applied to reduce the threat that arsenic poisoning poses for the population. Awareness also needs to be created among the people who are continuing to pollute the environment. Self-driven measures are expected on a governmental level to reduce the prevalence of arsenic poisoning among the population. References: Abdul, K. S. M., Jayasinghe, S. S., Chandana, E. P., Jayasumana, C., De Silva, P. M. C. (2015). Arsenic and human health effects: A review.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology,40(3), 828-846. Australia, C. (2016). Proven risk - Cancer Council Australia. Cancer.org.au. Retrieved 6 November 2016, from https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/environmental-causes/proven-risk.html#j Huang, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, J., Nie, Y., Chen, C., Sun, D. (2014). Recent advances in bacterial cellulose.Cellulose,21(1), 1-30. MacLachlan, D. J., Budd, K., Connolly, J., Derrick, J., Penrose, L., Tobin, T. (2016). Arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle in Australian sheep.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Naujokas, M. F., Anderson, B., Ahsan, H., Aposhian, H. V., Graziano, J. H., Thompson, C., Suk, W. A. (2013). The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem.Environmental Health Perspectives (Online),121(3), 295. Ng, J. C., Noller, B. N., Bruce, S. L., Moore, M. (2013). Bioavailability of metals and arsenic at contaminated sites from cattle dips, mined land and naturally occurring mineralisation origins. In5th National Workshop on the Assessment of Site Contamination(pp. 163-181). NEPC Service Corporation. nnby, L., Svensson, C., Mbundi, L., Busquets, R., Cundy, A., Kirsebom, H. (2014). -Al 2 O 3-based nanocomposite adsorbents for arsenic (V) removal: assessing performance, toxicity and particle leakage.Science of the Total Environment,473, 207-214. Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Reichman, S. M., Lim, R. P., Naidu, R. (2014). Arsenic speciation in Australian-grown and imported rice on sale in Australia: implications for human health risk.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,62(25), 6016-6024. Singh, S., Shrivastava, A., Barla, A., Bose, S. (2015). Isolation of arsenic-resistant bacteria from bengal delta sediments and their efficacy in arsenic removal from soil in association with Pteris vittata.Geomicrobiology Journal,32(8), 712-723. Sorlini, S., Gialdini, F., Collivignarelli, M. C. (2014). Survey on full-scale drinking water treatment plants for arsenic removal in Italy.Water Practice and Technology,9(1), 42-51.

African Masks Essay Example For Students

African Masks Essay CONTENTS 1. FIGURE LIST3 2. INTRODUCTION4 2. 1 Historical background and information 4 3. CONTEXT OF CEREMONIAL AFRICAN MASKING AND THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS THEROF 6 3. 1 The Makishi Masquerades among the Chokwe and related people6 3. 2 Pwo Mask7 3. 3 The Ngidi and Makanda initiation Rites8 3. 4 Holo Mask9 3. 5 The Bambara tribe of Mali and the Chi Wara antelope Mask9 4. CONCLUSION11 5. BIBLIOGROPHY12 1. FIGURE LIST FigurePage Figure 1:Unknown Artist, Pwo Mask, Wood Carving, patina and plant material, 9. † x 10† x 10†, Private Collection, (Bastin, 1982:91). 7 Figure 2:Unknown Artist, Chi Wara antelope Mask, Wood Carving, plant material, horns, antelope skin, 9. 8† x 11† x 23. 5†, Private Collection, (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:88). 9 Figure 3:Unknown Artist, Chi Wara antelope Mask, Wood Carving, plant material, horns, antelope skin, 9. 8† x 11† x 10. 5†, Private Collection, (Chi Wara antelope mask. S. a. ). 10 2. INTRODUCTION It has been said that art in Africa is the visible expression of the invisible. We will write a custom essay on African Masks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With that in mind I will discuss and explain, with reference to the statement, the complex social role of the different types of masks used in traditional African societies. I will also explain the religious and political roles of these masks in the community. Through gathering information from books and electronic sources I will explain the context of ceremonial African masking and the basic characteristics thereof. I will do research on specific masks, their style and the purpose of their existence within their community. 2. 1 Historical background and information Masks are time and again depicted as the classic art form of Africa. If you look at the history of African masks, you will find that African masks can be traced back to long before the Palaeolithic times. African masks are being greatly hunted down by art lovers and collectors, as they are some of the most supreme art pieces in the art world today. The masks as it is normally seen in a western perspective, however, as a museum piece in a glass display case or hanging on a wall, is a single element artificially isolated from the context for which it was intended. In these masks, originally created for different masking ceremonies of different tribes you will find different types of materials such as leather, metal, fabric, organic materials and various types of wood. One example of this is the Chi Wara antelope mask of the Bambara culture of Mali, It is used in rituals associated with planting and harvesting. During celebrations like this, initiation ceremonies, war preparation and troubled times you can find a chosen person or an initiated dancer wearing these masks. The headpiece itself can have a range of greatly different significances depending on the precise local understanding of the spiritual agency involved in its performance. African masquerades are a highly complex and diverse range of cultural practices, few of which correspond closely to ideas associated with mask wearing in the West (African masks history and meaning, S. a. ; African art and architecture, 2001). Latest development and understanding of aesthetic principles, religious and ceremonial values, have brought about a grater insight into the ideas and moral values that African artists express in their art. Art is the expression or the application of creative skill and imagination, especially through a visual medium such as painting or sculpture. In the Oxford dictionary (2002:607) you will find the meaning of the word invisible to be something unable to be seen, either by nature or because of concealed. If you relate that in contents to the statement that African art is the visible expression of the invisible, you can say that African art, especially the making of masks in Africa, is not created for the sake of art, but that the creation of these special handcrafted objects go beyond the formal qualities that meets the eye. In this essay I am going to look at the Makishi Masquerades and the Transmission of knowledge among the Chokwe and related people together with the Pwo mask, the Bambara tribe of Mali and the Chi Wara antelope mask, and also at the role that the Holo mask plays in the Ngidi and Makanda initiation rites (African masks history and meaning, S. a. ; African art and architecture, 2001). 3. CONTEXT OF CEREMONIAL AFRICAN MASKING AND THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS THEREOF 3. 1 The Makishi Masquerades among the Chokwe and related people The Chokwe are famous for art items produced to celebrate and legalize the royal court. The art objects can include elaborately carved stools and chairs used as thrones. Most of the sculptures are portraits, which represent the royal ancestry. Staffs, sceptres, and spears are among other implements sculpted to celebrate the court. Chokwe origin can perhaps be traced to the Mbuti and Pygmies. Between 1600 and 1850 they were under extensive influence from the Lunda states and were centrally located in Angola. In the second half of the 19th century though, substantial improvement of the trade routes between the Chokwe homelands and the Angolan coast led to increased trade of ivory and rubber. .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .postImageUrl , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:hover , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:visited , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:active { border:0!important; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:active , .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uabdbf81a37f8ca6d17d9b12e1a0b8cea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Disability act in affect EssayWealth acquired from this allowed the Chokwe kingdom to develop, eventually overtaking the Lunda states that had held sway over them for so long. Their success was short-lived, however, the effects of overexpansion, disease, and colonialism resulted in the fragmentation of Chokwe power (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:67). The Chokwe related people of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo engage their ancestors to endow them with spiritual or supernatural support for various human activities. If you look at male initiation in context, ancestral spirits may assume the form of masks to dramatize cosmological principles and assist in transmitting knowledge through generations. The Chokwe people perform over one hundred types of masked masquerades called the Makishi. Makishi represents the spirits of the deceased individuals that return to the world of the living to guide, assist and protect the members of the community (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:67). Makishi often serve to authorize and validate social and political institutions, which are generally perceived as the domain of women. The Makishi most often preformed in combination with the mukanda initiation of girls, but they may also appear during annual confirmatory ceremonies. Makishi performances bring to mind the cosmological precepts of the Chokwe and related people. Principles of social and political organisation are presented publically through mukanda masquerades. In these masquerades you will find male and female characters. One of the most important Makishi characters that you will find during initiation ceremonies represents the ideal woman that is called Pwo or Pwevo. The short steps characterize Pwo dances and sensuous hip movements, which are emphasized by a bustle, tied around the hips, consisting of a bundle of cloth, strings and rattling objects. Pwo perform sexual behaviours by pretending to have intercourse with a mortar or with a figure that she may rapidly form from earth in the preformed space. These dances are a type of sexual education, presented openly to stress the fertility of this female ancestor. To highlight her supernatural attributes as an ancestral, Pwo sometimes dances on stilts or performs acrobatically skits. In this masquerades a Pwo performer will wear the Pwo mask while holding a flywhisk and a rattle made form of tin can. The Pwo mask dancer dances with the women who clap and sings to musically accompany the performer. In the following paragraph I will explain the style and elements of the Pwo mask (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:67-68). 3. 2 Pwo Mask Figure 1: Unknown Artist, Pwo Mask, Wood Carving, patina and plant material, 9. 5† x 10† x 10†, Private Collection, (Bastin, 1982:91). The Pwo mask is a semi stylized wooden facemask with eyes that are usually elliptical in shape. The facemask is the most common mask found in Africa. The mask covers the face and has holes on the side. The eyes are half-closed and swollen eyelids are prolonged down to the centre of the concave eye-sockets. Sometimes the eyes are spherical and have horizontal slits. Occasionally the forehead has a carved headband. The ears are curved or else semi-circular with the tragus shown. The traditional scarification is usually engraved, cut away, incrusted or carved in relief. The Mask measures 9. 5 inches tall x 10 wide x 10 deep and the use of wood with cam wood powder and plant fibre for hair can be seen in the Pwo Mask (Figure 1). The mask has well defined and expressive facial features as well as a wonderful worm patina to the wood. The facial scarification below the eyes also represents tears. This mask represents Chokwe ideals of feminine beauty. The idealized features, subtle contours and refined lines formally convey the elegance of a celebrated female ancestor. The mask was not created by a artist, as it has no aesthetic value to the tribe as it is used for ceremonies and worship, but one can say that the mask was certainly created by a unknown Chokwe master craftsman (Bastin, 1982:90). 3. 3 The Ngidi and Makanda initiation rites The Holo of the democratic Republic of the Congo live in the Kizamba area. They occupy the region between the Suka-Mbundu Falls on the Kwango River. The Holo society is composed of a number of independent clans. One of the secrete rites of passage of the Holo tribe is that Holo women undergo a ritual initiation called Ngidi, which parallels Mukanda. Mukanda is the initiation ceremony of young boys. Ngidi brings together women of all ages, not only those who are pubescent. Apart from preparing young men and women for adult life, initiation institutes among the Holo operate as forces of social unity. (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:88). The initiation ceremony of the boys of the Holo tribe is called the Mukanda. The festivities that go with the Mukanda initiation ceremonies, like communal rejoicing and a great ritual dance, are held on the eve of the circumcision. The community dances until dawn. A Holo masked is carved as a helmet to fit securely over a performers head. On the occasion of this rite of passage for the boys of the Holo tribe, the initiates’ farewell feast, they are the centre of community. The Holo mask plays a huge role in the initiation of the boys. (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:67). 3. 4 Holo Mask The Holo mask seen in figure 2 is a wood carved helmet mask. A helmet mask is carved from one single piece of wood and is hollow to cover the whole face. It has carved out openings for the eyes, mouth and nose. .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .postImageUrl , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:hover , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:visited , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:active { border:0!important; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:active , .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua613c28011a40c608baf79abfd7b956f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Gospel of Mark Argumentative EssayA dancer puts on this mask before dancing at the initiation ceremonies of the Holo tribe. His whole body is covered with natural oil to serve as protection against evil spirits. (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:67). Figure 2: Unknown Artist, Chi Wara antelope Mask, Wood Carving, plant material, horns, antelope skin, 9. 8† x 11† x 23. 5†, Private Collection, (Van Wyk, Garratt Stepan, 1998:88). 3. 5 The Bambara tribe of Mali and the Chi Wara antelope Mask One of the largest ethnic and most dominant groups found mostly in the country of Mali is the Bambara culture. The Bambara live in the middle valley of the Niger River. The majority of the people of this culture are farmers. The most important crop for them is millet, but sorghum and groundnuts are also of high value to them as this is produced in high quantities. Maize, cassava, tobacco, and numerous other vegetables are grown in private gardens as well. As agriculture is so important to the people of the Bambara tribe, one of the religious traditions is to worship the Chi Wara in rituals associated with planting and harvesting. The Chi Wara was the Bambarian inventor of agriculture. Even though most Bambara declare to be Muslim, many people still follow their conventional beliefs in ancestor worship. The Bambara trust that the ancestral spirits may take on the forms of animals or even vegetables. In extraordinary ceremonies, the spirits are worshipped and presented with offerings of flour and water while the people taking part in this ceremony honours the Chi Wara through dancing while wearing the Chi Wara antelope mask as seen in Figure 3. pic] Figure 3: Unknown Artist, Chi Wara antelope Mask, Wood Carving, plant material, horns, antelope skin, 9. 8† x 11† x 10. 5†, Private Collection (Chi Wara antelope mask. S. a. ). The Chi Wara antelope mask is a semi- stylistic zoomorphic headdress, representing a fusion of antelope and anteater, and is danced in pairs to also honour champion farmers in the Bambara tribe. The headdress is carved out of wood and covered with antelope skin. The Chi Wara antelope mask consists of representations of animal heads. The oldest member of a family act as the negotiator between the living and the dead (Bambara, S. a. ). 4. CONCLUSION In Africa, art is not created for the sake of art. If you look at the different roles that art play in the different communities in Africa, you will find that the purpose of the art, especially the masks in Africa is created not by known artists, but by craftsmen. Also the style of their masks is not realistic but also not abstract. From an African point of view, works of art should be neither too rational nor conceptual. This is because of the lack of aesthetic value from the masks to them. In the above research you find that art is not for the beauty of art but created for the use of ancestral worship. If you look at the reason for the initial creation of African art, you will find that the art was created for religious, political and social events of communities and tribes. Thus one can state that African art is the visible expression of the invisible as were visible reveres to the creative mask, and were invisible reveres to the spiritual and ancestral worship of the African people. . BIBLIOGROPHY African art and architecture. 2001. In: Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia (Deluxe) 2001 . African masks history and meaning. S. a. . Available from: http://www. rebirth. co. za/African masks history and meaning. htm . Bambara. S. a. . Available from: http://www. africaguide. com/culture/tribes/bambara. htm . BASTIN, M. 1982. La sculpture Tshokwe. France: Main et Francoise Chaffin. Chi Wara antelope mask. S . a. . Available from: http://www. controverscial. om/Antelo10. gif . South African Concise Oxford Dictionary. 2002. Southern Africa: Oxford University Press. VAN WYK, G. , GARRATT, K. , STEPAN, P. 1998. Chokwe, art and initiation among Chokwe and related peoples. New York: Prestel-Verlag, Munich. WordWeb. 2004. Available from: http://wordweb. info/ . Palaeolithic: The second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years B. C (WordWeb, 2004) Cosmological: Pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe (WordWeb, 2004). Masquerade: A party of guests wearing costumes and masks (WordWeb, 2004). Zoomorphic: The attribution of animal forms or qualities to a god (WordWeb, 2004). African Masks Tshwane University of Technology Department of Fine and Applied Arts Art Theory 2 Assignment 1 Johann Claassens 209021536 2010